The name stems from a series of early US supersonic jet fighters built for the United States Air Force during the 1950s and early 1960s whose designation number lay in the 100 and above range. The designation system was of the then-new USAF, but the number series stretched back to the 1920s as it was used for the former P- series (pursuit aircraft). In 1962 the fighter number sequence was reset under the 1962 United States Tri-Service aircraft designation system.
Here's the list of them complete, including the ones that were never built.
The North American F100 Super sabre
The McDonnell F101 Voodoo
The Convair F102 Delta Dagger
The Republic F103 Thunderwarrior
The Lockheed F104 Starfighter
The Republic F105 Thunderchief
The Convair F106 Delta dart
The North American F107 Ultra sabre
The North American F108 Rapier
The Bell F109
The McDonnel F110 Spectre (AKA the F4C Phantom)
And last but far from least...
The General Dynamics F111 Aardvark